Shift Registers . Consisting of arrangements of bi-stables, they are very widely used in many types of digital systems from computer arithmetic to TV screens and digital clocks. Design a modulus seven synchronous counter that can count 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 12 using D flip-flop. Also consisting of arrays of bi-stable elements, the shift registers described in Module 5.7 are DIGITAL ELECTRONICS FUNDAMENTAL (ECE422) COUNTERS One common requirement in digital circuits is counting, both forward and backward. When Hewlett-Packard introduced its first digital electronic counter, the HP 524A in 1952, a milestone was considered to have been laid in the field of electronic instrumentation. Frequency measurement of up to 10 MHz or a 100-ns resolution of time between two electrical events became possible. DIGITAL ELECTRONICS MODULE 03.PDF 4 E. COATES 2007-2014 increased. 1 Basic Digital Concepts By converting continuous analog signals into a nite number of discrete states, a process Counter is a digital device and the output of the counter includes a predefined state based on the clock pulse applications. 9.4. Cascading counters connects them in series with the output of one becoming the input of the other. 4 Introducing counters • Counters are a specific type of sequential circuit • The state serves as the “output”(Moore) • A counter that follows the binary number sequence is called a binary counter – n-bit binary counter: n flip-flops, count in binary from 0 to 2ⁿ-1 • Counters are available in two types: – Synchronous Counters – Ripple Counters 9.3. The output of the counter can be used to count the number of pulses. Digital clocks and watches are everywhere, timers are found in a range of appliances from microwave ovens to VCRs, and counters for other reasons are found in everything from automobiles to test equipment. Counters . Generally, counters consist of a flip-flop arrangement which can be synchronous counter or asynchronous counter. References 1. Lecture Notes for Digital Electronics Raymond E. Frey Physics Department University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403, USA rayfrey@uoregon.edu March, 2000. 9.14. This provides a means of achieving higher-modulus operation Cascading a mod-4 and mod-8 counter yields a mod-32 counter. The solution to these problems is to provide a timing or clock signal that allows all of the flip-flops of the chained circuits to sWitch simultaneously.or synchronously under control :of the Note that the mod number is 2 raised to the number of output lines => 25 = 32 There are 32 unique states for this counter. Using the truth table shown in Fig. 3.1.3. 9.16, design this counter using T flip-flop. Draw the timing diagrams of the decade counter shown in Fig. Some of the main TTL and CMOS sub-families currently in use are compared in Fig. 9.2. Various types of digital counters are described in Module 5.6. Although