A New Method of Exile by El Universal states that the Bolivarian diaspora in Venezuela has been caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future". The earliest known Asian diaspora of note is the Jewish diaspora. One of the largest diasporas of modern times is that of sub-Saharan Africans, which dates back several centuries. A diaspora (/ d aɪ ˈ æ s p ə r ə /) is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale. [15] It subsequently came to be used to refer to the historical movements and settlement patterns of the dispersed indigenous population of Israel. Current estimates of the number of Nepalese living outside Nepal range well up into the millions. Adrams, L. "Diaspora and Identity in the Viking Age", Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Zionist immigration to what is now Israel, List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population, "diaspora noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes", "Diaspora | Keywords for American Cultural Studies, Second Edition", "Diaspora definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary", "No way home: The tragedy of the Palestinian diaspora", "English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness", With $78 billion, India still highest overseas remittance receiver, "The Economic Impact of the 'Katrina Diaspora, "Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transnational Moment", "African Union launches all-Africa passport", "At 17.5 million, Indian diaspora largest in the world : UN report", "Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A review", Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. Driven by the demand for cheap manual labor in these countries, most of these migrants were unskilled workers. [10], The term is derived from the Greek verb διασπείρω (diaspeirō), "I scatter", "I spread about" which in turn is composed of διά (dia), "between, through, across" and the verb σπείρω (speirō), "I sow, I scatter". It constitutes a diverse, heterogeneous and eclectic global community representing different regions, languages, cultures, and faiths (see Desi). From the 1950s through the 1980s, wars, starvation, and political corruption in mainland China shifted the destination of Chinese diaspora to more industrialized areas including North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia. An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300–1100 B.C.E. have noted that diaspora may result in a loss of nostalgia for a single home as people "re-root" in a series of meaningful displacements. Hundreds of thousands of these anti-Soviet political refugees and displaced persons ended up in western Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States of America. Diaspora may be created by voluntary emigration or by force, as in the cases of wars, enslavement, or natural disasters. [21][22][23] While Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora, he recognised the expanding use of the term. In Siam, regional power struggles among several kingdoms in the region led to a large diaspora of ethnic Lao between the 1700s–1800s by Siamese rulers to settle large areas of the Siamese kingdom's northeast region, where Lao ethnicity is still a major factor in 2012. that about 200,000 Tibetans live now dispersed worldwide, half of them in India, Nepal and Bhutan. conflict and poor economic conditions. Kenny, Kevin, Diaspora: A Very Short Introduction. [48] Tyre and Carthage also colonised the Mediterranean. The 1990-1994 Rwandan Civil War between rival social/ethnic groups (Hutu and Tutsi) turned deadly and produced a mass efflux of refugees. The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars. European history contains numerous diaspora-like events. Such colonizing migrations cannot be considered indefinitely as diasporas; over very long periods, eventually, the migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new mental homeland. The Afghan diaspora resulted from the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union; both official and unofficial records[citation needed] indicate that the war displaced over 6 million people, resulting in the creation of the second-largest refugee population worldwide as of 2018[update] (2.6 million in 2018).[67]. In 2019, according to the United Nations with 17.5 million Indian diaspora is world's largest diaspora, followed by 11.8 million Mexican diaspora and 10.7 million of Chinese diaspora. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return, keeping ties back home (country of origin) relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the host countries. though this trend has slowed with the further development of China's interior. Forced diaspora often arises from traumatic events such as wars, imperialistic conquest, or enslavement, or from natural disasters like famine or extended drought. Some Jews fled from persecution to unoccupied parts of western Europe or to the Americas before borders closed. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. To counteract the change in these demographics, the South Korean government initiated a diaspora-engagement policy in 1997. b : the settling of scattered colonies of Jews outside ancient Palestine after the Babylonian exile. In contrast, a voluntary diaspora is a community of people who have left their homelands in search of economic opportunity, as in the massive emigration of people from depressed regions of Europe to the United States during the late 1800s. [16] When relating to Judaism and capitalized without modifiers (that is simply, the Diaspora), the term refers specifically to the Jewish diaspora;[2] when uncapitalized diaspora may refer to refugee or immigrant populations of other origins or ethnicities living "away from an indigenous or established homeland". [citation needed] A small, predominantly Muslim ethnic group, the Cham people, long residing in Cambodia, were nearly eradicated. Then click 'Next Question' to answer the next question. [58] Migrant social structures in Chinese megacities are often based on place of origin, such as a shared hometown or province, and recruiters and foremen commonly select entire work-crews from the same village. Malden, MA: Blackwell. More than 1 million Dominicans live abroad, a majority living in the US.[69]. A diaspora is a group of people who have been forced from or chosen to leave their homeland to settle in other lands. The overseas Indian community, estimated at over 17.5 million, is spread across many regions in the world, on every continent. [65] People have a variety of reasons for changing the country within which they reside. [56] In response to a statewide exodus of talent, the State of Michigan continues to host "MichAGAIN" career-recruiting events in places throughout the United States with significant Michigan-diaspora populations. International Journal on World Peace 25, 3, September 2008. The majority of migrants move a short distance. 1991. [34] This population and their descendants were major influences on the culture of British, French, Portuguese, and Spanish New World colonies. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Brubaker notes that (as examples): Albanians, Basques, Hindu Indians, Irish, Japanese, Kashmiri, Koreans, Kurds, Palestinians, and Tamils have been conceptualized as diasporas in this sense. Black Europe and the African Diaspora. In reality, the massive African diaspora had begun centuries before the trade as millions of Sub-Saharan Africans migrated to parts of Europe and Asia in search of employment and economic opportunity. [54] In a 2011 TEDx presentation, Detroit native Garlin Gilchrist referenced the formation of distinct "Detroit diaspora" communities in Seattle and in Washington, D.C.,[55] while layoffs in the auto industry also led to substantial blue-collar migration from Michigan to Wyoming c.