Die entsprechende Schwestergruppe der Archosauromorpha sind die Lepidosauromorpha. Although Archosauromorpha was first named in 1946, its membership did not become well-established until the 1980s. Unter der Annahme, dass die Schildkröten (Testudines) keine unabhängige Linie der Reptilienevolution darstellen und entweder den Lepidosauromorpha oder den Archosauromorpha zuzurechnen sind, bilden diese beiden Großgruppen die Reptilien-Kronengruppe. [6][2] The chameleon- or tamandua-like drepanosaurs are also semi-regularly placed within Archosauromorpha,[8] although some studies have considered them to be part of a much more basal lineage of reptiles. Currently Archosauromorpha encompasses four main groups of reptiles: the stocky, herbivorous allokotosaurs and rhynchosaurs, the hugely diverse Archosauriformes, and a polyphyletic grouping of various long-necked reptiles including Protorosaurus, tanystropheids, and Prolacerta. [citation needed]. Many rhynchosaurs had highly modified skulls, with beak-like premaxillary bones and wide heads. This hole, present in most other tetrapods, is also absent in choristoderes yet not fully enclosed in some proterosuchids. In conjunction with this shift, the olecranon process of the ulna is poorly developed in archosauromorphs apart from Aenigmastropheus and Protorosaurus. one whose members have a single common ancestor). Lepidosauromorphs are distinguishable from Archosauromorphs (archosaurs) by their primitive sprawling gait, which allows for the same sinusoidal trunk and tail movement seen in fish, the sliding "joint" between the coracoids and the sternum (for a longer stride), and their pleurodont dentition. This study found that Azendohsauridae, Triassic reptiles previously mistaken for "prosauropod" dinosaurs, were in fact close relatives of Trilophosaurus and the rest of Trilophosauridae. Lepidosauromorpha, (Benton 1983), neben den Archosauromorpha (Archosauria) eine weitere Unterklasse der Diapsida, die neben verschiedenen Eosuchia, wie die Younginiformes, auch die Lepidosauria s.str. [2] As such, this final group of Archosauromorpha is generally considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic, and few modern studies use it. This tuber is particularly prominent in the ancient relatives of crocodylians, but it first appeared earlier at the last common ancestor of allokotosaurs, rhynchosaurs, and archosauriforms. Zu den Lepidosauromorpha gehören neben den Schuppenechsen (Lepidosauria) die Vertreter aus der vollständig ausgestorbenen Gruppe Sauropterygia, die den Großteil der mesozoischen Meeresreptilien stellen, sowie einige weitere Vertreter aus dem Mesozoikum. When archosauromorphs first appeared in the fossil record in the Permian, they were represented by long-necked, lightly-built sprawling reptiles with moderately long, tapering snouts. Die Archosauromorpha sind eine Verwandtschaftsgruppe der diapsiden Reptilien, der die Archosaurier und verschiedene ausgestorbene Reptiliengruppen angehören, die enger mit den Archosauriern als mit den Lepidosauriern verwandt sind. Pseudosuchia) and birds (i.e. The term Archosauromorpha was first used by Friedrich von Huene in 1946 to refer to reptiles more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs. [5][4][6], Michel Laurin (1991) defined Archosauromorpha as the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of Prolacerta, Trilophosaurus, Hyperodapedon and all of its descendants. Zu den Lepidosauromorpha gehören neben den Schuppenechsen (Lepidosauria) die Vertreter aus der vollständig ausgestorbenen Gruppe Sauropterygia, die den Großteil der mesozoischen Meeresreptilien stellen, sowie einige weitere Vertreter aus dem Mesozoikum. [17] thesis. These include laminae on the vertebrae, a posterodorsal process of the premaxilla, a lack of notochordal canals, and the loss of the entepicondylar foramen of the humerus. Although choristodere fossils are only known from the Jurassic through the Miocene, it is theorized that they first appeared during the Permian alongside the earliest archosauromorphs. This was a rear-facing branch of bone that stretched up below and behind the external nares (nostril holes) to contact the nasal bones on the upper edge of the snout. This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms. Clade of diapsid reptiles containing all reptiles more closely related to archosaurs (such as crocodilians and dinosaurs, including birds) rather than lepidosaurs (such as tuataras, lizards, and snakes). Ezcurra (2016) argued that presence of supratemporal fossae and an absence or poor development of the sagittal crest could be used to characterize Crocopoda. Another group of archosauromorphs has traditionally been represented by Trilophosaurus, an unusual iguana-like herbivorous reptile quite different from the rhynchosaurs. [2], Most archosauromorphs more "advanced" than Protorosaurus possessed an adaptation of the premaxilla (tooth-bearing bone at the tip of the snout) known as a posterodorsal or postnarial process. Lepidosauromorpha (le-pi-do-SAR-o-MORF-a) is derived from three Greek roots meaning "scaled lizard forms" [scaled- lepi (λέπι); lizard- saura (σαύρα); form- morphi (μορφή)]. This name is the clade Archelosauria. INTRODUCTION TO THE CLASS LEPIDOSAUROMORPHA. Other notable genera include Boreopricea, Pamelaria, and Macrocnemus, as well as strange gliding reptiles such as Sharovipteryx and Mecistotrachelos. Schwestergruppe der Lepidosauromorpha sind die Archosauromorpha. Since the seminal studies of the 1980s, Archosauromorpha has consistently been found to contain four specific reptile groups, although the definitions and validity of the groups themselves have been questioned. Avemetatarsalia). Lee, in 2013. [6] In archosauriforms, the jugal even re-encloses the lower temporal fenestra. An introduction to the phylogenetic taxonomy of Archosauromorpha Traditionally, Archosauria included crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and a large number of related taxa classed as "thecodonts." [13] However, anatomical data disagrees with this genetic evidence, instead placing Pantestudines within Lepidosauromorpha. In many long-necked archosauromorphs, the rib facets are slanted, connecting to cervical ribs that are often long, thin, and dichocephalous (two-headed). By far the most famous of these are tanystropheids such as Tanystropheus, known for having necks longer than their entire body. [14], Although the most diverse clade of living archosauromorphs are birds, early members of the group were evidently reptilian, superficially similar to modern lizards. The calcaneum, for example, has a tube-like outer extension known as a calcaneal tuber in certain archosauromorphs. Since the seminal studies of the 1980s, Archosauromorpha has consistently been found to contain four specific reptile groups, although the definitions and validity of the groups themselves have been questioned. Genetic studies have found evidence that modern testudines (turtles and tortoises) are more closely related to crocodilians than to lizards. Archosauromorpha Lepidosauromorpha Subgroups; Squamata Lepidosauromorpha Lizards, snakes, Sphenodon, and their extinct relatives . The archosauriforms went to further extremes of diversity, encompassing giant sauropod dinosaurs, flying pterosaurs and birds, semiaquatic crocodilians, phytosaurs, and proterochampsians, and apex predators such as erythrosuchids, pseudosuchians, and theropod dinosaurs. The least controversial group is Rhynchosauria ("beak reptiles"), a monophyletic clade of stocky herbivores. [15], Thin, plate-like ridges known as laminae develop to connect the vertebral components, sloping down from the elongated transverse processes to the centra. This page deals mostly with the phylogeny between the various stem-diapsids, Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha. [8], In 2016, Martin Ezcurra named a subgroup of Archosauromorpha, Crocopoda ("crocodile feet"). Early archosauromorphs retain well-developed elbow joints, but all archosauromorphs apart from Aenigmastropheus have a trochlea (ulna joint) which is shifted towards the outer surface of the humerus, rather than the midpoint of the elbow as in other reptiles. [9] Schwestergruppe der Lepidosauromorpha sind die Archosauromorpha. [11][12] If this evidence is accurate, then turtles are part of basal Archosauromorpha. Apart from these four groups, Archosauromorpha is sometimes considered to encompass several additional groups of reptiles. This group roughly corresponds to Laurin's definition of Archosauromorpha.[2]. [7][3], The humerus (forearm bone) is solid in archosauromorphs, completely lacking a hole near the elbow known as the entepicondylar foramen. In many advanced archosauromorphs, the capitullum and trochlea (elbow joints) of the humerus are poorly developed. One name for the group, Protorosauria, is named after Protorosaurus, the oldest archosauromorph known from good remains. [7] David Dilkes (1998) formulated a more inclusive (and currently more popular) definition of Archosauromorpha, defining it as the clade containing Protorosaurus and all other saurians that are more closely related to Protorosaurus than to Lepidosauria. The presence of a calcaneal tuber (sometimes known as a lateral tuber of the calcaneum) is a synapomorphy of the group Crocopoda, and is also responsible for its name. Crocopoda is defined as all archosauromorphs more closely related to allokotosaurs (specifically Azendohsaurus and Trilophosaurus), rhynchosaurs (specifically Rhynchosaurus), or archosauriforms (specifically Proterosuchus) rather than Protorosaurus or tanystropheids (specifically Tanystropheus). Protorosauria/Prolacertiformes has had a complicated history, and many taxa have entered and left the group as paleontologists discover and re-evaluate reptiles of the Triassic. [10] The aquatic thalattosaurs[6] and gliding kuehneosaurids[6][10] are also irregularly considered archosauromorphs. However, some taxa, such as ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians, have been variously thought to be stem-diapsids, lepidosauromorphs, or archosauromorphs, so their affinities are briefly discussed below. [6], In conjunction with their long, S-shaped necks, early archosauromorphs had several adaptations of the cervical (neck) vertebrae, and usually the first few dorsal (back) vertebrae as well. The centrum (main body) of each vertebra is parallelogram-shaped, with a front surface typically positioned higher than the rear surface. Gauthier used the name "Trilophosauria" for this group, but a 2015 study offered an alternative name. This bone is roughly L-shaped in these taxa, with a tall dorsal process (vertical branch), a short anterior process (forward branch), and a tiny or absent posterior process (rear branch). As for the nares themselves, they were generally large and oval-shaped, positioned high and close to the midline of the skull. One of the most common additions is Choristodera, a group of semiaquatic reptiles with mysterious origins. Lepidosauromorpha is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs (which include crocodiles and birds). Turtles and tortoises are closer to archosaurs than to any other living thing. Two subclades of Archosauriformes survive to the present day: the semiaquatic crocodilians and the last of the feathered dinosaurs: birds. "Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)", "A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepidosauromorpha&oldid=986907462, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 November 2020, at 18:12. [2] Archosauromorphs first appeared during the middle Permian, though they became much more common and diverse during the Triassic period.[3]. This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 04:00. These were the Archosauriformes, a diverse assortment of animals including the famous dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Lepidosauromorphs are distinguishable from Archosauromorphs (archosaurs) by their primitive sprawling gait, which allows for the same sinusoidal trunk and tail movement seen in fish, the sliding "joint" between the coracoids and the sternum (for a longer stride), and their pleurodont dentition. Likewise, extinct turtle relatives known as Pantestudines would also fall within Archosauromorpha. The Archosauromorpha, including Archosauriformes. Ezcurra in 2016. Trias ist ein Tier, das wir bereits mehrmals im Blog erwähnt haben, bekannt als … Innerhalb Lepidosauromorpha gibt es ausgestorbene Gruppen wie Sauropterygios, darunter Meeresreptilien wie Mosasaurus, ... Daher gibt es in Archosauromorpha eine der unglaublichsten Entwicklungen und Veränderungen in einer Reihe von Tieren, die die Erde fast 200 Millionen Jahre lang dominierten. Some geneticists have proposed a name to refer to reptiles within the group formed by relatives of turtles and archosaurs. Along with the Archosauromorpha, the Lepidosauromorpha are one of the two main groups of Diapsid reptiles that emerged from younginiform -like ancestors some time during the middle or late Permian. Topic. Trias ist ein Tier, das wir bereits mehrmals im Blog erwähnt haben, bekannt als … Wikipedia. However, they are also known to occur in the bizarre semiaquatic reptile Helveticosaurus,[3] as well as the biarmosuchian synapsid Hipposaurus. This also sets the archosauromorphs apart from most other Permian and Triassic reptiles. Lepidosauromorphs have remained cold blooded because of their low-energy sprawling stance. Die entsprechende Schwestergruppe der Archosauromorpha sind die Lepidosauromorpha. However, in other allokotosaurs, the basal rhynchosaur Mesosuchus, and more crownward archosauromorphs, the sagittal crest is weakly differentiated, although the inner edge of each supratemporal fenestra still possessed a depressed basin of bone known as a supratemporal fossa. Share. Laminae are practically unique to archosauromorphs, being present even in the earliest Permian genera such as Aenigmastropheus and Eorasaurus. The Archosauromorpha, including Archosauriformes. (Schuppenkriechtiere) umfassen. The Lepidosauromorphs are one of the two major groups or clades of diapsids that evolved from earlier Permo-Carbiniferous ancestors, the other being the Archosauromorphs. (Schuppenkriechtiere) umfassen. [4] Archosauromorpha, as formulated by Gauthier, included four main groups of reptiles: Rhynchosauria, "Prolacertiformes", "Trilophosauria", and Archosauria (now equivalent to the group Archosauriformes). [8] Likewise, Pamelaria is now considered an allokotosaur, Macrocnemus is a tanystropheid, and Protorosaurus may be too basal ("primitive") to form a clade with any of its supposed close relatives. Species similar to or like Archosauromorpha. [2], For an explanation of very similar terms, see, "The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms", "The Origin and Early Evolution of Sauria: Reassessing the Permian Saurian Fossil Record and the Timing of the Crocodile-Lizard Divergence", "Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils", "Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles", "The early history and relationships of the Diapsida", "A bird-like skull in a Triassic diapsid reptile increases heterogeneity of the morphological and phylogenetic radiation of Diapsida", "An archosaur-like laterosphenoid in early turtles (Reptilia: Pantestudines)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archosauromorpha&oldid=991260479, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Other groups including pantestudines (turtles and their extinct relatives) and the semiaquatic choristoderes have also been placed in Archosauromorpha by some authors. Innerhalb Lepidosauromorpha gibt es ausgestorbene Gruppen wie Sauropterygios, darunter Meeresreptilien wie Mosasaurus, ... Daher gibt es in Archosauromorpha eine der unglaublichsten Entwicklungen und Veränderungen in einer Reihe von Tieren, die die Erde fast 200 Millionen Jahre lang dominierten. An introduction to the phylogenetic taxonomy of Archosauromorpha Traditionally, Archosauria included crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and a large number of related taxa classed as "thecodonts." Since Pantestudines may encompass the entire aquatic reptile order Sauropterygia, this means that Archosauromorpha (as Archelosauria) may be a much wider group than commonly believed. Cladistic analyses created during the 1980s by Gauthier, Michael J. Benton, and Susan E. Evans implemented Gauthier's classification scheme within large studies of reptile relations. .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, The following cladogram is based on a large analysis of archosauriforms published by M.D.