Lipid Science and Technology, 110, 245–253. Extensive research has related to the processing and applications of kenaf seed oil, which highlighted its potential to use as functional edible oil that advantageous in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industry. -tocopherol in macroalgae. A 4x4 Latin square experimental design was used, consisting of three factors, each of which had four different levels. Variations of acid value (AV), peroxide value, p-Anisidine value, TOTOX value and total color difference were measured during the deodorization process. Based on the optimization of minimum retained FFA with In addition, although there, content of total tocopherols, but sometimes oil stability can be higher even in case oil with less amount of total, tocopherols which it can be seen in the case of oil stability of deodorized oil compared with bleached and, This work was supported by the program for New Century, 0457) and National Twelve-Five plan for Science & Technology (20. After deodorization, oil samples with a considerable amount of polyphenols were obtained. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. In contrast to the physical refining process, the degumming-neutralizing stage in the chemical refining process caused greatest overall reduction (average 14.7%) in total tocopherol content. C with slow agitation for 30 min, soap st, C for 10 h. After filtering, the winterized oil was, oil was determined in accordance with the Rancim, through the hot oil at flow rate of 20 l/hr. a problem that will probably require special equipment. 2013) reported in the literature. Among the refining stages, the deodorization exposes the oil to high temperatures (up to 265 °C) and very low pressures (3 mmHg) volatilizing odoriferous compounds and contaminants, such as pesticides. The use of nitrogen as a stripping gas in physical refining of edible oils represents a technological improvement with potential advantages such as the possibilities of recovering high quality deodorized distillates and eliminating pollution. On the other hand, Fig 2 shows deodorized o, owed that, after deodorization step, FFA reached t, ent in sunflower oil samples taken from the neutralizing, g neutralizing and degumming, bleaching and, . (2009) and, ... Farhoosh et al. Neutralization resulted in a complete removal of these minor compounds. There was a removal of tocopherol content of 28.5% in safflower oil (Ortega-García et al. is. Kenaf seed oil possesses significant health benefits and pharmacological activities such as antioxidant activity, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and anti-thrombotic due to the presence of bioactive compounds (tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and phenolics). The PVs were changed during the different refining steps. Refining was found to have a marked effect on total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol contents, as they are completely removed in the early steps of the refining procedure. Therefore, choosing the right levels of these operational parameters in the Rancimat method may produce the least possible difference between predictions from long-term storage studies and the OSI test. II. Low quantities of the oil were found in cosolvent-rich phases, and very poor solubility occurs for the system containing oil plus dimethyl sulfoxide plus water. About 91.2 and 94.7% of the oils were released from the digested MRKSO without and with coffee matrix, respectively. It is most commonly determined via, (2008)]. The OSIs, as standard in order to determine the retentio, andards and calibration curves of respective standard, during the chemical refining of sunflower oil, r fats and oils. a quality product with a minimum of additional pro-cessing. Satisfactory agreements were found for thermodynamic correlation by using the NonRandom Two-Liquids (NRTL) and the UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC) models, which presented global deviations lower than 0.55 and 0.71%, respectively. Information on the physicochemical variability in rapeseed oil from different varieties during each refining process is lacking. Results of this study indicated that, most part of the tocopherols are wasted during deodorizing step. The obtained oils were then refined by both chemical and physical refining techniques, and the influence of each refining step on the content of minor compounds was evaluated. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. The conductivity of the water was measured automatically as oxidation, proceeded. Farhoosh, R.; Einafshar S.; Sharayei, P. (2009). chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade. After this washing step mobile phase was pumping through the column to get equilibration before, For the determination of individual tocopherols, Sa, comparison of peak retention times and sizes with st, compounds, good linearity was achieved (R, The results of all of the analyzed samples were expr, Table 1 Oil stability and other quality attributes, The oxidative stability is an important quality parameter fo, washigher than that of the treated oil during al, contain of VE, antioxidative phenolic compounds, in addition, maybe also due to its fatty acids compo, significantly after the degumming and neutralization steps and little chang. For comparison, a similar experimental program was also performed on the laboratory-scale. was obtained from Roche vitamins Inc – (Parsippany, new jersey 07054- USA). Our purpose was to investigate the physicochemical properties, micronutrients and oxidative stability of the oil extracted from the five varieties of rapeseeds during their different stages of refining process. An alternative two-step deodorization is described. This could be attributed to the different varieties of seeds. �
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The marked decrease observed in the TPC contents after the neutralisation step was mainly due to the decrease in the content of free fatty acids (FFA) and oxidised triglyceride monomers (oxTGM) than in the content of the other polar compounds. operating temperature and the height of the oil layer inside the deodorizer) in reference to the quality of the obtained oils as well as the manufacturing requirements. Keywords There was a removal of tocopherol content of 28.5% in safflower oil (Ortega-García et al. In order to comply to these new quality requirements, the deodorization technology has been modified substantially. 2017e). Oleic acid (omega-9) and linoleic acid (omega-6) make up the majority of kenaf seed oil’s fatty acid composition, which is associated with cholesterol-lowering ability. Sodium hydroxide used in neutralization and activated clays in bleaching or physical conditions in deodorization such as high temperature and low pressure leads to neutral oil loss during traditional refining as well as the healthy minor components [13,14. The effect of commercial refining steps on the peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), carbonyl value (CV), total polar compounds (TPC) content, polar compounds distribution, and oil/oxidative stability index (OSI) of soybean and canola oils was studied. beneficial health properties and is suitable for food and cosmetic uses. confirm the feasibility of physical refining crude palm oil in Malaysia, ex-porting the oil to the United States, and producing Bleaching is the most important step for removing color because of activated bleaching earth. During physical refining, oxidized and polymerized triacylglycerols were not significantly influenced by any of the investigated process parameters. 2006) and 29.2% in sunflower oil. Refined kenaf seed oil was spray-dried with gum arabic, β-cyclodextrin, and sodium caseinate. Results of this study, during deodorizing step. 220°C appears to be a critical upper For accessing feasible values of water and formic acid to be added to ethanol, or acetic acid, or ethyl lactate, or dimethyl sulfoxide, the amount of added water was experimentally determined aiming to avoid persistent emulsion formation at 298.15 K, and for the addition of formic acid we follow instructions of the CLP regulation in order to avoid corrosion. On the other hand winterizatio, and, thus, increasing the shelf life of edible oils [Alu, Talal Elsir Mohammed Alhassan Suliman et al. IV. In this study, weak alkalines such as Ca(OH)2, MgO and Na2SiO3 were used to neutralize degummed sunflower oil instead of strong alkali (e.g. h�bbd``b`u�@�)H0W�X� ����� �[@��t&F�k ������ �� All the experiments were carried out with sunflower oil in a discontinuous deodorizer with a 200 Kg capacity. Work leading to the establishment of olive oil standards is suggested. Journa, Verhe, R.; Verleyen, T.; Van Hoed, V.; De Grey, ory qualities of minimum-refined soybean oils. conditions must always be in optimum order to keep the FFA content as low as possible Fig 3. neutralization step because of the alkali treatment, af, increase and that was returned to removing colour by, increase the acidity of the oil slightly. Mathematical models were established describing the influence of different process parameters (time, temperature, steam, and pressure) on trans fatty acid formation, tocopherol stripping, and production of oxidized and polymeric triacylglycerides during physical refining of soybean oil. These charts are presented in the paper. the oil yield by the use of more powerful presses, or exhausting the oil content of the pomace by solvent extraction.