He spent the 2008–09 academic year teaching at the United States Military Academy at West Point; he is currently a history professor at the University of North Texas. The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in particular, wanted to invade Italy, which in November 1942 he called "the soft underbelly of the axis" (and General Mark W. Clark, in contrast, later called "one tough gut"). A mutiny can also be the signal to start a wider revolution, as were the Russian mutinies in 1905 and 1917 at Kronshtadt. He had called the VI Corps commander, General Dawley, and his two division commanders to his command post for discussion about how to proceed. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. There were only three Allied divisions in the first wave—the British 46th and 56th, and the U.S. 36th. This came into force on 30 September 1998. Prior to the mutiny all bar one of them had unblemished service records. Three divisions—16th Panzer, 29th Panzergrenadier, and 26th Panzer—launched a full-blown assault on the Salerno beachhead. Roaming just off the mouth of the Sele, Philadelphia fired over a thousand 6-inch rounds at point-blank ranges; Boise would come close to that number. It was yet another way of war for which the Wehrmacht could not formulate an effective response. It was precisely this characteristic, an incessant storm of enemy fire that made maneuver impossible, that most impressed German officers fighting the Western armies. They began the campaign in scramble mode. After a day to regroup, Vietinghoff ordered one last assault on September 16, with two battalions of the newly arrived 26th Panzer Division linking up with the Hermann Göring Division to hit the British in Salerno. This was the crisis point for the Allies, but especially for the Americans. It was only through the chance intervention of the Adjutant General, Sir Ronald Adam - who later referred to the affair as 'one of the worst things we have ever done' - that all the men's sentences were suspended. He was even more explicit in a message sent to the high command. A few American witnesses claimed they saw German tank commanders from the 29th Panzer-grenadier dismounting and consulting their maps. When the call came, they all wanted to go. Over 500 B-25s, B-26s, and B-17s spent September 14 plastering the relatively tiny battle space of the Ponte Sele corridor, the assembly point for any renewed German assault. The outcome of a modern battle between mass armies is always contingent—it depends on a vast number of factors. Now, find a nearby beach broad enough to land two army corps abreast. Nothing in their previous experience had prepared the panzers for the incredible level of firepower the Western Allies generated. The Germans penetrated anywhere they chose. Mutinies often occur in the armed forces of nations on the point of suffering defeat, as with the mutiny of the German navy at Kiel in 1918, and the Austrian navy at Cattaro. Christian Doppler, best known for his explanation of perceived frequency variation of sound and light waves, known as the Doppler effect. They were arrested and shipped back to North Africa for court-martial. The tendency has been to blame Clark for all this, especially for the decision he and his staff made to go in without a preliminary bombardment. “Nothing,” Dawley answered. While neither the Sele nor the Calore was anyone’s idea of a great river, their banks were steep, and the breadth required for deploying the two corps on either side of them created a 10-mile operational gap that separated the two assault corps. What do you get? You get a landing between Salerno and Paestum. The German commander, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, was content to fight a defensive war of attrition, and the Allies were content to attack his defenses frontally. You get a landing around Naples. A second corps was also rushing to join the fray—the LXXVI Panzer Corps with two more divisions, the 26th Panzer and the 29th Panzergrenadier. The real problem at Salerno was not the lack of Allied bombardment. At Salerno, General Clark had two corps in the initial landing: British X Corps on his left, led by Lieutenant General Richard L. McCreery, and U.S. VI Corps on his right, under Major General Ernest J. Dawley, containing a single infantry division in the initial landing—the 36th “Texas” Division, formed from units of the Texas National Guard—with the 45th Infantry Division in the floating reserve. They were shipped back to Africa for treatment, and then transferred to Camp 155 - the 8th Army transit camp near Tripoli where they waited to return to their units. If Salerno generated one collective memory for the Wehrmacht, it was the Allied naval bombardment. The third regiment of the 45th Division (the 180th) was in the process of landing, the 3rd Infantry Division was on the way up from Sicily, and British 7th Armoured Division had begun landing in the X Corps sector. “What are you going to do about it?” Clark asked. For their part, the Allies had hoped to use the surrender of Italy to make quick gains in the peninsula, perhaps driving up to the Po River in northern Italy, but that hadn’t worked either. While Fifth Army had made it ashore, its problems were just beginning. The last British soldier to be executed for a military offence was a private in the Royal Army Service Corps who, in August 1942, was hanged for 'wartime treachery' after turning sides and fighting for the Nazis.
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