In contrast to the electroneutral entry of Cl− across the apical membrane, the majority of Cl− efflux across the basolateral membrane proceeds through conductive pathways (196, 203, 445). FIGURE 16.15. Cytologically, the ultimobranchial gland consists of one or more simple follicles composed of C cells which may appear in either a “dark” form (relatively electron dense) or in a less electron-dense “light” form, at least in anurans. These salamanders resemble the ambystomatids but are found in moist forests of the Pacific coast. The vertebrae are fused and the vertebral column is divided into the presacral, sacral, and postsacral regions. pigmented epithelial cell. In all species, females stay with and coil around their eggs, usually beneath logs, rocks, and other detritus at the water’s edge. There are 2 genera and over 34 species represented in Ambystomatidae. The first group of advanced frogs contains the family Pipidae, in which the genera Pipa and Xenopus are found. Hyla are tree frogs, recognizable by their slender bodies, their long limbs, and the expanded tips of their digits (Fig. Favorite Answer. Proteidae contains 2 genera, Proteus and Necturus. Arthur W. Pollister. With reference to Fig. 1. Salmon CT produces a transient decrease in plasma calcium and phosphate in anurans. Moreover, thyroids of Salmo and Oncorhynchus living in fresh water have a very low activity compared with Salmonides living in the sea (Robertson et al., 1961; Leloup and Fontaine, 1962). Representative amphiumid salamander. The family Hylidae contains over 250 species of the genus Hyla. Although studied in less detail, a decrease in [Ca2+]i has been implicated in RVI in Amphiuma erythrocytes, Ehrlich ascites cells and lymphocytes. Unfortunately, the intracellular activities of all three of these ions have not been determined in the mammalian TAL (Table 4). 1, the potassium that enters TAL cells via the Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter recycles does so, to a large extent, across the apical membrane by way of a K+ conductive pathway. Without recycling, the luminal K+ concentration would fall rapidly as a consequence of K+ entry via Na+-K+-Cl− co-transport and would limit net NaCl absorption. ADH increases apical Na+-K+-2Cl− entry in mouse medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle. Examine the slide under 4x, 10x and 40x powers. Amphiumidae contains 3 species of Amphiuma, which superficially resemble sirens. A small component of sodium transport by the TAL is accounted for by sodium bicarbonate absorption (148). pigmented epithelial cell. in liver, circulates blood between hepatic cells. of Asia. 1, net Cl− absorption by the TAL is a secondary active transport process. Second, the apical membrane potassium current provides a pathway for net potassium secretion by the TAL. David O. Norris Ph.D., James A. Carr Ph.D., in Vertebrate Endocrinology (Fifth Edition), 2013. Classification of frog species remains controversial; however, frogs can be divided basically into primitive frogs (3 families), transitional frogs (2 families), and two groups of advanced frogs (2 families in one and 16 in the other). • Describe the appearance of the cells. Six families make up the advanced salamanders. hepatic cell. Cala has observed that an exchange of internal K+ for external H+ contributes to the volume-regulatory decrease (VRD) that occurs after swelling Amphiuma RBCs (93). J. The Long-Term Organ Culture of Tissues from Adult Amphiuma, ... Hepatocyte function in long-term organ culture of Amphimuma means liver. The cytology of the liver of Amphiuma. The mitotic incidence of the liver in vivo is very low (10), and most Courtship ends with the male depositing a spermatophore directly into the female’s cloaca by means of cloacal apposition. Dashed lines indicate passive ion movements down electrochemical gradients. In the primitive frogs, family Discoglossidae contains species used in research, including the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, and the midwife toad, Alytes obstetricans. Class Amphibia is represented by approximately 4300 species contained in 3 orders: Gymnophiona, Caudata, and Anura (Table I). Third, both net chloride absorption and the transepithelial voltage depended on (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity, present in large amounts along the basolateral membrane of this segment (252). in liver, scattered throughout, big and black. Pflugers Arch 1988;412:516–523. Notophthalmus (newt) has an aquatic larval stage, terrestrial juvenile period (during which the animals are termed “efts”), and aquatic adult stage (Conant and Collins, 1991; Zug, 1993). Amphiuma is a genus of aquatic salamanders that have very small limbs and are sometimes misidentified as snakes or eels. The amphibian ultimobranchial glands develop as in all tetrapods from the fifth pharyngeal pouches. What is the general shape? Search for more papers by this author. They are small, active frogs with bright color patterns, which alert would-be predators to the presence of highly toxic skin secretions (a characteristic termed aposomatism). Field observations indicate that males court several females simultaneously or that multiple females contend for the attention of a single male. Since the Na+ gradient is maintained by the continuous operation of the basolateral membrane (Na+, K+)-ATPase pump, apical entry of Cl− via the cotransporter ultimately depends on the operation of the basolateral (Na+, K+)-ATPase. It would be interesting to know what the thyroid enzymic activity prevalent in poikilotherms is and how it varies with age, season, salinity temperature, etc. However, administration of thiocyanate suppresses fixation of iodine by the thyroid of Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana, as it does in mammals (Talmage et al., 1962). In mouse mTAL, for example, the rate of K+ secretion amounts to about 10% of the rate of net Cl− absorption (203). 1 Answer. In other cells, modulation of protein kinase C and leukotriene synthesis by Ca2+ have been proposed as signals in volume regulation. Most cells, however, possess altered mitochondria, transformed into electron-dense masses, or clear vesicles with the possibility of digesting the ambient organelles. Accordingly, maneuvers that inhibit ATPase activity, such as removal of K+ from, or addition of ouabain to, peritubular solutions leads to dissipation of the Na+ gradient and subsequent inhibition of apical membrane Cl− entry (198, 412). They are aquatic and have gill slits but no external gills. The spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus, is in the family Pelobatidae, a member of the transitional frog group. Mudpuppies are aquatic and are found in east and central North America. Privacy Notice | • Describe the appearance of the cells. First, increased [Ca2+]i failed to stimulate K+-H+ exchange when Na+-H+ exchange was stimulated by shrinkage. Caudal vertebrae are replaced by a fused urostyle. If you do not change your web settings, cookies will continue to be used on this website. Most urodeles have only one ultimobranchial gland (usually on the left side). Note that the very high reported values for protists may be unreliable (see text). We know, for example, that the ammocoete of Entosphenus lamottenii is able to concentrate radioactive iodine in the endostylar chamber, four years before metamorphosis into a lamprey (Gorman and Creaser, 1942). Them most obvious liver storage body is the glycogen granule. Salamander (Amphiuma) Liver. More evidence for elevated Ca2+ comes from patch-clamp studies. The smooth-skinned animals, which typically inhabit moist areas near bodies of water, are unrelated to reptiles. Geographic distribution of the extant Amphiumidae. Table 2 presents a summary of the important transport properties of the rabbit, mouse, and rat TAL that are relevant to the concentrating and diluting functions of this nephron segment. Comparing the largest and one of the smallest examples among vertebrates, one finds that a cell of amphiuma [an aquatic salamander] contains 70 times as much DNA as is found in a cell of the domestic fowl, a far more highly developed animal. There are approximately 400 species in Caudata, divided into three groups: sirens (eel-like amphibians), primitive salamanders (hellbenders and other related species), and advanced salamanders (mudpuppies, Mouse thick ascending limb of Henle (mTALH) cells. Favorite Answer. ... You know a cell is an organism by telling if it is a prokaryote or an eukaryote. • Are you viewing an organism that is unicellular or multicellular? A model for salt absorption by the TAL, which integrates the results of these studies is shown in Fig. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Data from Burg MB, Green N. Function of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Ambystomatids are predominantly terrestrial, with strong limbs and functional lungs. Biology: All amphiumas are aquatic, although A. means has been found active on land during rainy nights.
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