Incluso algunos siguen tratando de debatir este cambio, pero hasta el día de hoy Plutón sigue siendo un planeta enano. Initial Funding Secured", "New Horizons, Not Quite to Jupiter, Makes First Pluto Sighting", "Happy Birthday Clyde Tombaugh: New Horizons Returns New Images of Pluto", "Help us put names on the maps of Pluto and Charon! It would then have the option of using Charon's gravity to leave the Pluto system after all Pluto science objectives are completed and study new KBOs beyond Pluto. A pluton (pronounced "PLOO-tonn") is a deep-seated intrusion of igneous rock, a body that made its way into pre-existing rocks in a melted form (magma) several kilometers underground in the Earth's crust and then solidified. [22] New Horizons was more than 203,000,000 km (126,000,000 mi) away from Pluto when it began taking the photos, which showed Pluto and its largest moon, Charon. After a Neptune encounter, the alignment of Pluto made it impossible for Voyager 2 to continue there, leaving it on a trajectory out of the Solar System. [19] New Horizons was launched successfully on 19 January 2006. Alan Stern would later cite that event as a significant factor towards the low enthusiasm for the Pluto Fast Flyby project. Dinamičari su bili presretni, počinjalo se vidjeti da su bili u pravu. .... , a znalo se o tim tijelima, tada, tako malo. The next Pluto mission—an orbiter and lander? [7], During the development of Pluto Fast Flyby, however, there were multiple concerns from both NASA, Administrator Goldin and the mission's development team. An alternative plan which was considered at one point was to send to Pluto a configuration of the Mariner Mark II spacecraft, which would weigh 2,000 kilograms and cost US$3.2 billion, in sharp contrast to Pluto 350's $543 million cost. [7] Because of growing budget constraints, the dual-spacecraft concept was scrapped in favor of sending a single spacecraft to Pluto. Eventually, despite official selection of scientific instruments and the appointment of several investigators, then-Science Mission Directorate Edward J. Weiler ordered the cancellation of the entire Pluto and Kuiper belt mission in 2000, citing growing budget constraints, which had plagued the project since its inception in 1992. At the time, it was thought that the atmosphere of Pluto would freeze and fall to the surface during winter, and so a lightweight spacecraft was desirable, as it would be able to reach Pluto before such an event would occur. [14][15], In August 1992, Staehle telephoned Pluto's discoverer, Clyde Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. [35][2] The concept describes an entrycraft that would brake using the drag of Pluto's thin but highly spread-out atmosphere. The project was still too expensive, however, in the eyes of Administrator Goldin. Plutons may readily melt their way upward in the lower crust, but they have a hard time reaching the surface through the cold, strong upper crust. This can be easy to see in a pluton that was tilted so that erosion could cut through it at an angle. [21] The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2 billion kilometers, confirmed the spacecraft's ability to track distant targets, critical for maneuvering toward Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects. [23] On 15 April 2015, Pluto was imaged showing a possible polar cap. Iza Neptuna nije samo Pluton, već cijeli niz tijela vezanih u orbitalne rezonance s njim. It appears that they need help from regional tectonics that pulls the crust apart—the same thing that favors volcanoes at the surface. A mushroom-shaped pluton may be called a lopolith, and a cylindrical one may be called a "bysmalith." [32] The probe could use electric propulsion similar to NASA's Dawn mission. Camino a Júpiter. It was named in homage of the Mars Underground, another group of scientists that successfully lobbied for the restart of missions to Mars, following the lack of such since the Viking program. Geophysicists call such bodies diapirs ("DYE-a-peers"); salt domes are another example. Thus plutons, and especially batholiths, go along with subduction zones that create arc volcanism. The last objective could be accomplished using infrared laser pulses. [4][5] However, scientists decided that a flyby of Titan during the Saturn encounter would be a more important scientific objective. [25][26], Pluto's small moons, discovered shortly before and after the probe's launch, were considered to be potentially hazardous, as debris from collisions between them and other Kuiper belt objects could have produced a tenuous dusty ring. [7], During the course of the late 1990s, a number of trans-Neptunian objects were discovered, confirming the existence of a Kuiper belt. At that depth, the magma cooled and crystallized very slowly, allowing the mineral grains to grow large and tightly interlocked — typical of plutonic rocks. Aunque, quizás esta idea sea nuevamente cambiada en poco tiempo. Se han descubierto muchos cuerpos en la misma región, comparte el espacio con otros cuerpos celestes. He works as a research guide for the U.S. Geological Survey. Fuera del sistema solar. [24] Between April and June 2015, New Horizons began returning images of Pluto that exceeded the quality that the Hubble Space Telescope could produce. Stern envisaged the probe being launched in 2030, marking the 100th anniversary of Pluto's discovery, and spending 7-8 years traveling to the Pluto system. If New Horizons had travelled through such a ring system, there would have been an increased risk of potentially disabling micrometeoroid damage.[27]. New Horizons also photographed the surfaces of Pluto and Charon. Durante muchos años se creyó de que Plutón era un satélite del planeta Neptuno. Andrew Alden is a geologist based in Oakland, California. A subsequent flyby of Pluto was impossible, because the close approach of Titan meant it was also on a trajectory that slingshotted it upwards out of the ecliptic. Sala je bila puna, i rijetko je tko htio propustiti priču u nastajanju. "Pluton" is a general term that covers the whole variety of shapes taken by bodies of magma. The weight of the spacecraft was raised again, this time to 175 kilograms, and NASA allowed further liberty with the project's budget. The idea was shortly scrapped, however, because of the infeasibility of miniaturizing scientific instruments aboard such a spacecraft to that size. [6] Because no mission to Pluto was planned by any space agency at the time, it would be left unexplored by interplanetary spacecraft for years to come. Pluto 350 aimed to send a spacecraft, weighing 350 kilograms, to Pluto. Muchos investigadores e integrantes de la sociedad civil no estuvieron de acuerdo con este nombramiento. [10] In 1990, because of pressure from the scientific community, including those of the Pluto Underground, engineers at NASA decided to look into concepts for a mission to Pluto. For many years, people had waved that stamp around as sort of a call to arms, as a motivating graphic: "Not yet explored". De acuerdo con un importante resultado de la teoría de la relatividad, un observador en el sistema Tierra-Plutón vería contraerse la nave en la dirección del movimiento. Es el más alejado del Sistema Solar. [8] While both projects competed for approval, Pluto 350 was more favored by NASA mission planners, who were starting to adopt smaller missions such as Mars Pathfinder and NEAR Shoemaker. [8] Alan Stern, as a compromise, reached an agreement with Russian Space Research Institute scientists in Moscow, in which Pluto Fast Flyby would be launched atop a Proton rocket, saving NASA over US$400 million in launch costs. [17] The proposal was forwarded to Administrator Goldin, but he vetoed the proposal, recommending instead that the JPL look into the feasibility of Pluto Fast Flyby being launched aboard a smaller rocket, such as the Delta II. [3][33] The report, written by principal investigator Stephanie Thomas of Princeton Satellite Systems, Inc., describes a Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) mission to Pluto. The mission heralded the same ideology as the Pluto 350 concept: small in size and cost-effective in scope, so that the spacecraft would be able to get to Pluto faster and be affordable to develop and launch. Ne indeamna sa fim distructivi, dar si de a aduce o reforma pozitiva si schimbari definitive. One of the earliest concepts was for a 40-kilogram spacecraft that would reach Pluto in five to six years. Plutón, el planeta olvidado que ya no es planeta. The Geological Society of America, among other critics of the proposal, sent a quick protest, and a few days later the IAU decided on its epochal definition of "dwarf planet" that banished Pluto from the register of planets. [8] In response to the backlash caused by the cancellation of Pluto Kuiper Express, it was decided to inaugurate a new class of missions that would fit between the big-budget Flagship Program and the low-budget Discovery Program, creating a compromise for missions such as the former Pluto Kuiper Express, which proved to be too expensive for the Discovery Program. The group started a letter writing campaign which aimed to bring to attention Pluto as a viable target for exploration. Other plutons have fatter shapes that have a roof and a floor. Tras la convención que hubo en Praga, se dio una definición diferente para los planetas. Algunos científicos opinaban que Plutón se podía haber formado en cualquier otro punto del universo y había quedado atrapado en la órbita gravitatoria del Sol. Bottomless plutons like these are called stocks if they are smaller than 100 square kilometers in extent, and batholiths if they're larger. [9], In May 1989, a group of scientists and engineers, including Alan Stern and Fran Bagenal, formed an alliance called the "Pluto Underground". There used to be a whole set of names for other pluton shapes, but they aren't really much use and have been abandoned. The two Voyager missions had the success criteria of just one of them reaching Saturn, which they far exceeded. A fusion reactor would be used to send a 1000 kg orbiter and lander to the Pluto system in only four years (more than twice as fast as New Horizons).[34]. Internal divisions within NASA, including its Scientific Advisory Council, also voiced support for a Pluto mission. The formation and fate of plutons is an important, long-standing scientific problem. Después de 75 años en la categoría de planeta, en 2006 fue considerado como Planeta enano. The exploration of Pluto began with the arrival of the New Horizons probe in July 2015, though proposals for such a mission had been studied for many decades. This is similar to NASA's Triton Hopper concept for exploring Neptune's largest moon Triton. [30] Possible objectives discussed by the group for a follow-up mission include mapping the surface at 30 feet per pixel, observations of Pluto's smaller satellites, observations of how Pluto changes as it rotates on its axis, and topographic mapping of Pluto's regions that are covered in long-term darkness due to its axial tilt. - Upravo su mi telefonirali iz policije - objasni Miki ulazeći u auto - da je nekoliko divljih životinja pobeglo iz cirkusa. The Pluto Underground, Pluto 350 and Mariner Mark II, USPS postage stamp and "Pluto Fast Flyby", Kuiper belt, Pluto Kuiper Express and cancellation, Smithsonian National Postal Museum (date unknown). According to New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern, “If we send an orbiter, we can map 100 percent of the planet, even terrains that are in total shadow." Power and propulsion would come from the bimodal MITEE nuclear reactor system.[18]. La Selección Colombia avergonzó al país, o al menos así lo indicaron los periodistas deportivos de más nombre en el territorio. Shallower intrusions may be called subvolcanic or hypabyssal intrusions. Plutón es una bola helada de hielo y roca. Los astrónomos deberán seguir decidiendo su futuro. [11] The series featured a stamp for all planets, displaying an image of the planet and highlighting an associated spacecraft which was sent to it. New Horizons captured its first (distant) images of Pluto in late September 2006, during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. Planetas que no tienen una superficie bien definida, ya que están compuestos mayoritariamente por fluidos. A blister-shaped pluton that raised the overlying rocks into a dome may be called a laccolith. Hasta 2006, el Sistema Solar contaba con un planeta más: Plutón. Ne conecteaza cu cea mai adanca, subconstienta parte a personalitatii, si pe taramurile subconstientului colectiv, asa ca prin Pluton ne putem curata prin fluxul curentului al schimbarii colective. The stamp for Pluto, however, depicted a featureless sphere, presented with the phrase "not yet explored" in place of the name of a spacecraft. Space Exploration Issue - 29c Pluto single - Scott Catalogue USA: 2577. As research and development into the mission progressed, the project's size, scope, and budget all expanded. Hunt made fun of these in USGS Professional Paper 228 by proposing the name "cactolith" for a cactus-shaped pluton: "A cactolith is a quasihorizontal chonolith composed of anastomosing ductoliths whose distal ends curl like a harpolith, thin like a sphenolith, or bulge discordantly like an akmolith or ethmolith." On 4 February 2015, NASA released new images of Pluto (taken on 25 and 27 January) from the approaching probe. Otros astrónomos opinaban que Plutón podría ser una luna de Neptuno. In April 2017, a workshop met in Houston, Texas to discuss ideas for a follow-up mission. [8] The spacecraft were intended to be launched using Titan IV rockets, which would have cost US$400 million each, thus raising the budget to over US$1 billion. Tienen pinta de terrícolas y un Gran Final les espera . In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter. Nuestros astrónomos ya se han reunido para enviar a los planetas a las diferentes agrupaciones. [8], Another mission concept, known as Pluto 350, was developed by Robert Farquhar of the Goddard Space Flight Center, with Alan Stern and Fran Bagenal of the Pluto Underground, who both served as study scientists for the project. Su interior probablemente es similar al de otras lunas heladas del sistema solar. Plutón no tiene dominancia orbital, su disco planetesimal se mueve más allá de la órbita de Neptuno, en una zona llamada Cinturón de Kuiper ubicada a unos 30 ó 50 unidades astronómicas del Sol poblada de cuerpos congelados que quedaron de la formación del sistema solar. Who said geologists couldn't be funny? Los pequeños compañeros de Plutón You can thank the Pluto Underground", http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=192129&img=1&pg=1, "Postage for Pluto: A 29-cent stamp pissed off scientists so much they tacked it to, "Pluto Mission a Go! [12] Described by Staehle as a "faster, better, [and] cheaper" approach than the Pluto 350 and Mariner Mark II projects, it caught the attention of then-NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin, who ordered all work on both Pluto 350 and Mariner Mark II to cease and shift all resources to the new Pluto Fast Flyby project instead. (See What Is a Planet?). After Voyager 2 successfully returned data from Neptune in 1989, planetary scientists looked to Pluto as the destination for a subsequent mission. Pluto 350, however, would later become controversial among mission planners at NASA, who considered the project to be too small and too high-risk. Everything You Need to Know About Igneous Rocks, Learn About Rock Cycle in the Earth's Crust, Magma Versus Lava: How It Melts, Rises, and Evolves, B.A., Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire. Camino a Marte. ", "NASA's New Horizons Detects Surface Features, Possible Polar Cap on Pluto", National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "New Horizons Delivering Pluto Imagery With Better Resolution Than Hubble", "Pluto 'Wows' in Spectacular New Backlit Panorama", "Why a group of scientists think we need another mission to Pluto", "Going Back to Pluto? A competition was held, in which NASA would select a mission concept to fund as part of the first mission of the New Frontiers program. Camino a la Tierra. It may represent the deep part of a magma chamber that once fed magma to a long-vanished volcano, like Ship Rock in northwestern New Mexico. Scientists to Push for Orbiter Mission". [7], In October 1991, the United States Postal Service released a series of stamps commemorating NASA's exploration of the Solar System. Exploring Pluto was contemplated since its discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930[citation needed], but Pluto presents significant challenges for exploration because of its small mass and great distance from Earth. In the United States, the Idaho, Sierra Nevada, and Peninsular batholiths are the largest. A full list of previous and upcoming missions to the outer Solar System can be found at the List of missions to the outer planets article. Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → UniverseEach arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". Both spacecraft were to weigh only around 35-50 kilograms each (including 7 kg worth of scientific instruments), and the project would cost less than US$500 million to develop, excluding launch costs. This became known as the Pluto Express, and eventually the Pluto-Kuiper Express. En nuestro Sistema Solar había nueve planetas anteriormente hasta que se redefinió lo que era o no un planeta y Plutón tuvo que salir de la conjunción de planetas. Interest in a mission to the Kuiper belt arose such that NASA instructed the JPL to re-purpose the mission as not only a Pluto flyby, but also a Kuiper belt object (KBO) flyby. New Horizons used a remote sensing package that includes imaging instruments and a radio science investigation tool, as well as spectroscopic and other experiments, to characterize the global geology and morphology of Pluto and its moon Charon, map their surface composition and analyze Pluto's neutral atmosphere and its escape rate. The mission was thus re-branded as the Pluto Kuiper Express, after briefly being billed as Pluto Express prior to the revision. Se supone, por simplificación, que existe un sistema inercial respecto al cual la Tierra y Plutón están en reposo; en particular, se ignora el movimiento de los dos planetas alrededor del Sol. [32] However, such a lander would only observe the Charon-facing hemisphere of Pluto, as Pluto and Charon are tidally locked. Shortly after Voyager 2's flyby of Neptune and its findings at Triton in August 1989, scientists sought interest in a mission to Pluto and further studies for the existence of a Kuiper belt and Kuiper belt objects, potentially similar to Triton. [7] All four outer planets were explored by Voyager 2, launched in 1977, with close approaches to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Global Aerospace Corporation presented a Pluto lander concept titled "Pluto Hop, Skip, and Jump" at the 2017 NIAC Symposium in Denver, Colorado. For a few days in 2006, the International Astronomical Union considered giving the name "plutons" to large bodies in the outer part of the solar system, apparently thinking that it would signify "Pluto-like objects." [1] There are no plans as yet for a follow-up mission, though follow-up concepts have been studied.[2][3]. Because no mission to Pluto was planned by any space agency at the time, it would be left unexplored by interplanetary spacecraft for years to come. Photographs of Pluto taken on 14 July 2015 taken 15 minutes after New Horizon's closest approach, from a distance of 18,000 kilometers and sent to Earth on 13 September 2015 show a near-sunset on Pluto with details of the surface and a haze in the atmosphere. That is, plutons are defined by the presence of plutonic rocks. Shortly after the New Horizons flyby, Stern suggested a Charon lander as a follow-up that would observe Pluto from Charon's surface. Magma is less dense than rock and tends to rise as buoyant bodies. «De hecho, si pones a la Tierra donde está Plutón, ¡quedaría excluida!», le dijo Stern a CNN en 2015.